North and South Korea resumed top-level talks Sunday on avoiding a threatened military clash, even as Seoul accused Pyongyang of undermining the process with provocative naval and land deployments.

The South Korean defence ministry said the North had doubled its artillery units at the border and deployed two-thirds of its total submarine fleet -- or around 50 vessels -- outside their bases.

"The North is adopting a two-faced stance with the talks going on," said a ministry spokesman who described the scale of the sub movement as "unprecedented".

"We take the situation very seriously," he added.

The discussions at the border truce village of Panmunjom resumed in the afternoon after a 10-hour negotiating session the night before.

The second session looked set to be a similar marathon, as it pushed through midnight into the early hours of Monday morning.

The gaps to be bridged are daunting, with both militaries on maximum alert and flexing their weaponry across a border that has already seen one exchange of artillery fire.

While the North moves around subs and artillery units, South Korean and US fighter jets have been carrying out simulated bombing sorties not far from the border.

Pyongyang is threatening a concerted military attack unless Seoul switches off banks of loudspeakers that have been blasting high-decibel propaganda messages into North Korea for the past week.

- Apology demand -

Seoul says Pyongyang must first apologise for landmine explosions that maimed two members of a border patrol earlier this month. It activated the loudspeakers in retaliation.

The North denies any role in those blasts and is extremely unlikely to apologise, while the South will not accept a compromise that might be seen to reward Pyongyang's belligerence.

"The two sides may be able to come up with a statement in which some sort of 'regret' is expressed without explicitly naming the North," said Jeung Young-Tae, an analyst at the Korea Institute for National Unification in Seoul.

"But I don't think such a vague statement will work this time," Jeung said, stressing that the case of the maimed soldiers  -- both of whom lost legs -- had become an emotional issue in the South.

"So I think the best outcome of this meeting will be an agreement for another high-level meeting in the future, such as defence ministerial talks," he added.

That would leave open the issue of the propaganda broadcasts, which Seoul has vowed to continue in the face of an ultimatum from Pyongyang to desist or face military action.

Despite Pyongyang's past record of making dramatic but largely unrealised threats, the ultimatum sent tensions soaring to their highest level for years.

The negotiations in Panmunjom, where the 1950-53 Korean War ceasefire was signed, are being led by South Korean national security adviser Kim Kwan-Jin and his North Korean counterpart Hwang Pyong-So -- a close confidant of leader Kim Jong-Un.

- Wide discussions -

They are the highest-level inter-Korean talks for nearly a year -- a reflection of the seriousness of the situation.

"The two sides had wide-ranging discussions on ways to settle the recently-developed situation and to improve inter-Korean relations down the road," South Korean presidential spokesman Min Kyung-Wook said after the night-long first session.

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon, a former South Korean foreign minister, welcomed the decision to stay at the negotiating table, urging both sides to "redouble" their efforts.

South Korea said the initial request for talks had come from the North, despite its aggressive rhetoric and military posturing of recent days.

On the orders of Kim Jong-Un, the North Korean People's Army has been in a "fully armed, wartime state" since Friday.

Technically, the two Koreas have been at war for the past 65 years, as the Korean War ended with a ceasefire that was never ratified by a formal peace treaty.

There are nearly 30,000 US troops permanently stationed in South Korea, and the US military's top officer on Saturday reiterated Washington's commitment to the defence of its ally.
Source: AFP