When Yohei Fukuda left for England more than a decade ago to learn his trade as a master leather shoemaker, he could hardly have imagined that his native Japan would one day become a leader in this traditionally European art.

"The number of bespoke shoe workshops has been booming in Japan in the past few years," explained the elegant-looking bald and mustachioed 37-year-old, sporting a smart shirt and tie under a dark-blue work apron.

"There are at least 40 in Tokyo today and maybe as many as 100 in the whole country," Fukuda told AFP.

"The number of bespoke shoe workshops has been booming in Japan in the past few years," shoemaker Yohei Fukuda told AFP 
Bespoke leather shoemaking has historically been dominated by European artisans but Japan developed a taste for the luxury footwear at the beginning of the 2000s and local manufacturing classes quickly took off.

Fukuda's own workshop is located close to the upmarket area of Ometesando in Tokyo, often described as Japan's answer to the grand Champs Elysee avenue in Paris. 

A narrow staircase leads up to his old-fashioned workspace that smells strongly of leather and glue, the basic tools of the trade.

There is not one machine in the whole place -- everything is done by hand, from the precise measurement of a client's feet to the delicate business of attaching the soles to the shoe.

Mari Yamaguchi, who teaches this meticulous trade in a private school in the trendy Harajuku area of Tokyo says that bespoke shoes "speak to the Japanese spirit, with its sense of detail" 
"Each pair of shoes takes between 120 and 140 hours of work and we produce around 80 a year," explained Fukuda.

He does not want to go at a faster pace: "I want to make good shoes," he stressed.

Fortunately, his customers are in no hurry and willing to pay a hefty price for the bespoke quality -- a 100-percent made-to-measure pair costs 480,000 yen ($4,200) at least.

- 'Japanese spirit' -

Why Japan? Mari Yamaguchi, who teaches this meticulous trade in a private school in the trendy Harajuku area of Tokyo says that bespoke shoes "speak to the Japanese spirit, with its sense of detail."

Not for the first time, the Japanese have travelled abroad to adopt the skills and then improved them, said Jesper Ingevaldsson, Swedish author of a specialist blog on shoemaking 

At Yamaguchi's school, dozens of young students are bent over workbenches, carefully learning each one of the individual painstaking steps required in the manufacturing process.

"A foot is something very special. Each foot is unique, like each piece of leather. When making bespoke shoes by hand, the challenge is to get close to perfection by bringing together these two imperfect but magic elements," she said.

Maybe Japanese people think about shoes more than in other cultures because most people put them on and take them off several times a day -- whenever entering a house," mused the 43-year-old teacher.

Not for the first time, the Japanese have travelled abroad to adopt the skills and then improved them, said Jesper Ingevaldsson, Swedish author of a specialist blog on shoemaking.

"They have done with shoes what they have done with other things, like denim for example: they learn from the west, come home, and perfect it and evolve it" said Ingevaldsson.

The Japanese have developed such a good reputation in the art of bespoke shoemaking, that Western apprentices are now heading east to learn the trade 

The Japanese have developed such a good reputation in the field that Western apprentices are now heading east to learn the trade.

In Fukuda's workshop, five young apprentices labour on workbenches made from old 1920s English chests of drawers.

One scrutinises the quality of a new delivery of leather, another sews on a sole, making sweeping gestures with his arm every time he pulls the thread.

And these interns are in turn bringing their own Japanese-inspired creativity to the ancient tradition.

Clemence Rochard, a 27-year-old French apprentice, created a pair of hand-made shoes made partly of leather and partly from material from a sparkling and flowery kimono she found in Kyoto.

"In Japan nobody would have thought about it," acknowledged Fukuda.